In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the 19th Century Free Essays

string(46) was as yet a disruptive factor among players. In what ways did brandish reflect American culture? This paper will focus on taking a gander at the ethnic and class separate inside the games subculture of American culture, and how it reflects American Society in general. While inspecting any general public there is a consistently an expansive territory to cover, while taking a gander at America’s society I will be taking a gander at the contentions that it is the ‘land of the free’ a ‘new nation’ which outsiders ran to begin another life in a nation of much ‘opportunity’. I will utilize the game in the nineteenth century to look at exactly the amount America was a place that is known for new chances at life and of the free, and whether it contrasted from the mentalities in nations from around the remainder of the world. We will compose a custom article test on In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the nineteenth Century or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now When taking a gander at sport in American culture in the nineteenth century, first we should take a gander at the roots of the game and games that were played, to perceive how they were seen inside another developing society. Prior to the introduction of the American settlements, it has been contended that sport in America was a social practice generally connected with Native American functions and religion, colonization brought game and games for relaxation. The English carried with them recreational belief systems, it was the specific games and sports as well as the mentalities and practices wherein relaxation exercises were established. The Native Americans had numerous games/games like that of Europeans before colonization however they had free social settings that gave them various implications. Regularly the exercises went with richness services, entombment customs, mending practices, and endeavors to control the climate. It was accounted for in the American Anthropologist (1890) by James Mooney that Cherokees who played stickball (Also known as Lacrosse) must not take part in intercourse for a month before a game. Additionally, preceding games they would construct flames and move to the sound of drums, clatters and holy serenades. Players were set up before games with prayer’s, pipe smoking, body painting and numerous different customs planned more to improve otherworldliness instead of to guarantee them triumph. Cooperation in these games was not willful as the reasons they were played were for critical inborn concerns. Without a doubt, the English who came and colonized America additionally messed around for comparable social reasons, however these reasons were not as vital of a worry for the entire country, yet for littler regions of society. All in all, the British played for recreation, in Europe this shaped the antithesis to the need of every day work, and the perfect of playing sport for relaxation is still extremely solid today everywhere throughout the world. The English recreation ethic more so than its hard working attitude got romanticized by Virginian estate proprietors. They acted like English men of honor, followed English press, style and played English games, for example, Cricket, they did this looking for a class qualification. It was fundamentally thus that wearing showcases turned into a major distraction among the Virginian upper class; they were a portion of the not many that had the opportunity and cash to involve themselves with such errands. Because of this, recreation turned into a very class limiting custom, and the English instructed nobility tried to keep it along these lines. One such case of the class differentiations right now inside American culture is that of James Bullocke who was a tailor, he crushed Mathew Slader a ‘gentleman’ in a 1674 pony race on which each man had put down a wager of 2,000 pounds of tobacco. Be that as it may, after this triumph the district court told the men that it was â€Å"contrary to law for a worker to make a race being a game for Gentlemen†, and fined him one hundred pounds of tobacco. The court likewise restricted Slader (the honorable man) to the stocks for an hour for his misfortune to a working man. A main factor in the quest for relaxation for whites was that subjugation made it hard for them to esteem difficult work, and simple for them to acknowledge game and games. The rationale of this was basic, whenever subjugated blacks needed to work; play was verification of opportunity and raised economic wellbeing. Work was a weight of darkness, recreation was the right of whiteness. The foundation of subjugation, truth be told, constrained most by far of African Americans to â€Å"steal† time for relaxation and amusement, similarly as they took a specific sort of information when they figured out how to peruse and compose. The common war anyway excruciating it was, had a decent side to it too, this being it assisted with ending servitude. This implied opportunity, citizenship, and sacred assurances from the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth alterations, anyway this didn't mean an excessive amount to America’s dark populace. The decency that originated from the finish of subjugation was dominated by organized racial isolation and restraint that rewarded African American’s as peasants. Numerous African Americans went to game and relaxation to help adapt to the racial segregation, anyway this was not as simple as one may believe it to be. Game was utilized as a focal point that united numerous blacks, Baseball was one of the most bringing together of sports for African Americans with numerous early Black baseball crews, one of the soonest being the Pythian Baseball Club of Philadelphia, they comprised of four groups with players originating from the higher positions of Black society. The Pythian’s played other dark groups from around Philadelphia, including one of the most well known, the Excelsiors (the most seasoned dark group in the city). The Pythian’s played for the informal â€Å"Colored Championship of the United States† in 1871, they conveyed a race’s pride when they played all be it isolating themselves from the lower and white collar classes in the African American culture. This indicating in spite of the fact that it turned out to be progressively worthy for dark players to play white games, they were isolated out from the white’s and class was as yet a disruptive factor among players. You read In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the nineteenth Century in class Papers So, ‘land of the free’ of ‘opportunity’ it doesn't appear as though it, when we see the partition between the players of this game. Dark competitors were associated with pretty much every game before the finish of the nineteenth century, be that as it may, boxing was one they had a bigger portrayal and turned out to be generally conspicuous in. Dark competitors were progressively adequate in boxing as it was accepted that it was increasingly reasonable to the dark athlete’s capacities and there was likewise a negative disgrace joined to the game. While in baseball dark players were developing themselves a different hued alliance, boxing was an overwhelmingly white composed game and dark fighters endured the anger of a significant part of the white populace just as some from the dark populace as well. A fruitful and questionable figure in boxing was Jack Johnson, the principal American dark heavyweight boxing champion, from a white perspective he indicated a considerable lot of the individual characteristics detested of blacks, Johnson was resistant, rude and hopeless. Likewise, he wedded three white ladies and he was effective catching the imagery of Anglo-Saxon white predominance, the heavyweight boxing crown. Johnson was not simply detested by the whites for his conduct, numerous operating at a profit network felt that his activities impeded the advancement of the race. He was a legend to many, yet in addition was viewed as a humiliation as he would not act docile. The manner in which Johnson carried on with his life could be contended that he was a genuine pioneer of the ‘American dream’, an administrator in the ‘land of the free’ that has accepted the open door given to him and made it work. His boxing profession was a journey for opportunity, he framed his own interesting style of battling and his prosperity picked up him a significant number of the material things numerous blacks pined for yet they could never accomplish. Looking at boxing, one could contend that this game demonstrated a more genuine translation of American Society than any of the others, America should be a ‘land of opportunity’ where individuals could emigrate, to accomplish things that they would not have the option to do in their country. In any case, was this game reflecting American culture or one of not very many things that really f ell in accordance with the conviction of the ‘American dream’? This being the account of small time, who accomplished his own fantasy, at the expense of being despised by many, without a doubt a ‘land of the free’ would energize his prosperity. Taking everything into account, it is difficult to completely comprehend American culture from how it influenced sport, regardless of whether it be prejudice, sexual orientation or class qualifications. One thing that is clear to any student of history seeing this subject, it is that these issues, anyway much individuals trust them to never again be an issue in the public eye, they despite everything are. Class is not, at this point a very remarkable issue inside game any longer, except if it is preventing you from joining the renowned tennis of golf club, however nowadays cash will get you whatever class status you need. Notwithstanding, regardless of whether it is sex contentions, for example, prize assets at rivalries, for example, Wimbledon, or the prejudice gave by fans to players of every single distinctive game the world over, these issues will never leave. So is it wrong to pass judgment on America for its brandishing/sociological wrongdoings of the past? When taking a gander at American culture now it is as yet separated between sports which are viewed as high contrast, white games, for example, ice hockey played in the northern states, and NASCAR in the southern states, dark players are rare while Basketball is prevalently loaded up with dark players. Actually game will consistently isolate, the latest gap in sport has come

Neurodegenerative Diseases Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Neurodegenerative Diseases A bit of all around oiled hardware comprises of an unpredictable and complex framework: there are efficient procedures, components inside the gadget work productively, and numerous procedures work all the while to in this way perform different capacities. What happens when there is a glitch in the machine? When there is something incorrectly, for example, associations between mind boggling forms, which don't finish, the machine neglects to work appropriately. Now and again, there are no change or fallback components. By then, the harm can be irreversible and the hardware is not, at this point salvageable. [However, this can represent the communications and procedures inside the complex machinery.] The human cerebrum can respond similarly. Neurodegenerative ailments are indications of a glitch in the neural mechanical procedures inside the mind. Along these lines, neurotic issues of the cerebrum show how the mind controls development and conduct. It is clear in the physical just as passionate conduct. (5) It likewise delineates the communication between the focal sensory system to the fringe sensory system. There must be associations between neural action inside the cerebrum and the remainder of the focal and fringe sensory systems. One can likewise comprehend a representation of the cerebrum just like a crate made out of interconnected littler boxes. These incorporated boxes thusly exhibit the idea that, Brain=Behavior=Being. The motivation behind this exposition is to give a general outline, just as neurological diagram, of the neurodegenerative ailment, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. In doing as such, it will demonstrate how the cerebrum ends up being the focal point of conduct and makes the person's sense... ...The way that one's neural correspondence is cut off and inevitably closes down all body work control, is clear. The information that one's mind is loaded with openings because of a proteinaceous irresistible molecule is theoretical. Albeit many feel that an individual is considerably more than negligible neural associations, terminating engine orchestras, synapses, and specific porousness, Creutzfeldt-Jakob ailment reworks singular character. At last, the patients or their friends and family don't concentrate on the CJD statistical data points. Their world is that an individual gradually crumbles before their eyes, the feeling of the Self is lost. Works Cited: http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/path.htm http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/intro.htm http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk./lancet.htm Delcomyn, Fred. Establishments of Neurobiology , W.H.Freeman and Company Copyright 1997, pg.437. Neurodegenerative Diseases Essay - Biology Essays Research Papers Neurodegenerative Diseases A bit of all around oiled apparatus comprises of a many-sided and complex framework: there are efficient procedures, systems inside the gadget work productively, and numerous procedures work at the same time to hence perform different capacities. What happens when there is a glitch in the machine? When there is something incorrectly, for example, associations between mind boggling forms, which don't finish, the machine neglects to work appropriately. Now and again, there are no alteration or fallback components. By then, the harm can be irreversible and the hardware is not, at this point salvageable. [However, this can delineate the connections and procedures inside the complex machinery.] The human mind can respond similarly. Neurodegenerative maladies are indications of a glitch in the neural mechanical procedures inside the mind. Accordingly, obsessive issues of the cerebrum exhibit how the mind controls development and conduct. It is obvious in the physical just as passionate conduct. (5) It likewise outlines the association between the focal sensory system to the fringe sensory system. There must be associations between neural action inside the mind and the remainder of the focal and fringe sensory systems. One can likewise comprehend a representation of the mind similar to a case made out of interconnected littler boxes. These coordinated boxes thus show the idea that, Brain=Behavior=Being. The motivation behind this article is to give a general outline, just as neurological review, of the neurodegenerative sickness, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. In doing as such, it will demonstrate how the mind ends up being the focal point of conduct and makes the person's sense... ...The way that one's neural correspondence is cut off and in the end closes down all body work control, is obvious. The information that one's mind is loaded with gaps because of a proteinaceous irresistible molecule is theoretical. Albeit many feel that an individual is substantially more than negligible neural associations, terminating engine ensembles, synapses, and particular porousness, Creutzfeldt-Jakob sickness reworks singular character. At last, the patients or their friends and family don't concentrate on the CJD raw numbers. Their existence is that an individual gradually crumbles before their eyes, the feeling of the Self is lost. Works Cited: http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/path.htm http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/intro.htm http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk./lancet.htm Delcomyn, Fred. Establishments of Neurobiology , W.H.Freeman and Company Copyright 1997, pg.437.

Business Research Methods Choose Any Topic From Human Resource

Business Research Methods Choose Any Topic From Human Resource Business Research Methods: Choose Any Topic From Human Resource Management (HRM) Or Recruitment And â€" Essay Example > ALLWRITING. NET ORDER: BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODSTitle: The effect of electronic recruitment and selection on the productivity of human Resource management (HRM) departments of organizations. IntroductionThe internet has permeated every facet of business life including that of human resource acquisition, development and management. Increasingly, the internet and related electronic technologies are being used to advertise for positions, assessment of applicants, selection and recruitment of human resources. These technologies include emails, websites, resume banks, employment webpages, electronic scanning technology, applicant tracking system and internal databases of job seekers. According to Bartram (2000) the internet has already had a dramatic impact on the way in which recruitment and selection are carried out in North America and the impact is increasingly being felt in terms of changes in practice in Europe and Asia-Pacific. He further pointed out that this medium has enabled the widespread adoption of computer-based assessment and also predicted that it would replace paper as the default medium before very long. These assertions were made over five years ago. In between that time and now the internet population has witnessed a massive growth and the activities undertaken on it has also widened and become more diversified. Many workplaces in the world have also been connected to the internet. Given the ubiquitous role the internet now plays in the conduct of business activities, it would not be over-exaggeration to say that its impact is being felt worldwide. Presently, all aspects of human resource work in the area of recruitment and selection such as developing the requirements of a position, posting of positions, advertising of position, screening of resumes, interviewing, making the offer and even new employee orientation can be done from a computer and the internet. Galanaki (2002) has catalogued some of the benefits of online recruitment and sel ection as being more cost effective, worldwide coverage and therefore a better pool of human resources to select from. The rest of the benefits are reduced recruitment cycle time, higher response rate, a better quality of response, less effort in getting the desired results and lower administrative cost. A study carried out by Human Resource Management International Digest (2005)revealed that the use of electronic recruitment software known as Active Recruiter reduced the recruitment process from 62 to 42 days. Also, savings amounting to 54 percent of the total recruitment costs was realized. Despite these enormous benefits, the online medium itself also poses special difficulties and challenges to the human resource function. These include issues pertaining to confidentiality, authentication, equality of access to information, impersonation, and inherent abuse of the testing process and the control of assessment conditions. Kerrin and Ketley (2003) identified major challenges for implementing e-recruitment as (a) the cultural approach of the organization towards e-recruitment (b) the lack of knowledge of e-recruitment with the human resource (HR) community, (c) internet usage by the target prospective applicants and (d) commitment of senior management to e- recruitment. Interestingly, while these benefits and challenges are commonly acknowledged, few research work has been carried out to quantitatively measure their effects on the human resource function and productivity. Consequently, there is paucity of information in this area of human resource management to guide managerial decision making. This study is therefore being undertaken to help bridge this information gap. Specifically, it shall seek to measure quantitatively the effect electronic recruitment is having on the productivity of human resource management.

Communication and Family Issues - 6081 Words

Communication in marriage Research: Communication In Families Communication is a vital part of everyday life. Without communication we would not be allowed to express feelings, needs or even wants. Communication is more complicated than just speaking to one another. Some families suffer from the lack of communication and it is most important to keep a good communication flow through families. Effective communication is an important characteristic of strong, healthy families. Family communication is the way verbal and non-verbal information is exchanged between family members (Epstein et al.,1993). Communication involves the ability to pay attention to what others are thinking and feeling. In other words, an important part of†¦show more content†¦When that happened to Betsy, she changed, too. Now Carl finds himself wondering what happened to the self-assured, strong woman he first fell in love with. He misses her. Carl doesnt realize it, but Betsy has always had an unusual need for attention and communication. Thats because she had a very stoic father whom she was never able to please. Its good to examine whether your need to talk is reasonable or the result of a troubled upbringing. Most couples need help to discuss their needs in a productive way. Having different attitudes toward talking doesnt mean there is something wrong with either spouse, that anyone was deceived, or that the marriage is hopeless. When Your Spouse Wont Talk Relating to each other is not a technique were born with. Its like a muscle that needs to be developed over time. by Romie Hurley Next Article in Series: †¢ Previous Article †¢ Next Article 1. Overview 2. When Your Spouse Wont Talk 3. When Your Spouse Wont Leave You Alone 4. Making Time to Talk 5. Talking About Sensitive Issues 6. Starting a Conversation 7. Communicating Without Talking 8. On Listening and Other Rare, Exotic Habits 9. Next Steps / Related Information Relating to each other is not a technique were born with. Its like a muscle that needs to be developed over time—and massaged when it hurts. If you have a spouse who doesnt want to talk as muchShow MoreRelatedCommunication Theory Paper969 Words   |  4 Pageshead: COMMUNICATION THEORY PAPER 2 Communication Theory Paper Name University of Phoenix Communication Theory Paper 2 Communication is an important part and concern in many organizations. With many organizations having such a diverse workforce communicating has an impact on how well employees, patient and family members interact together. Many communication issues arise due to the fact that there are many employees from different cultures and different genders. 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The Basics of Professional Research Paper Writing Service

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Spanish American War War over Rough Riders Reign Free Essays

War over Rough Riders Reign With president William McKinney taking charge in order to protect his Americans living in Cuba from the Spanish, he sent over the U. S. S Maine. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish American War: War over Rough Riders Reign or any similar topic only for you Order Now But on the way over, the barbarous uncivilized Spaniards blew up the ship before it could arrive at its chosen destination. â€Å"Remember the Maine! † was cheered by Americans all over the country. George Dewey valiantly storms his American Navy into Manila Bay. Dewey’s dominance was distinct. Spain lost 384 men in this battle, America lost only 1. Dewey sacrificed 11,000 troops in the Philippines and joined forces with the Filipinos Rebels. This greatly intimidated the Spanish and made the United States very intrepid. The Rough Riders, which are a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt, and 17,000 American troops, invaded the port city of Santiago in June, 1898. The Rough Riders were definitely the combatants of this battle and caused the Americans to paramount. They were so victorious that the Rough Riders led another battle; The Battle of San Juan Hill was a famous land battle that started on July 1st, 1898. Two days later, the doltish Spanish attempted to escape the American blockage of Santiago Harbor. They were unsuccessful and eventually surrendered on July 17th, 1898. American troops raided Puerto Rico in a conclusion to the last battle. This led to yet another American triumph. The United States is celebrating its victory in this brief war over Spain. As a result of winning the war, our American government has forced Spain to sign the Treaty of Paris. The clauses of this treaty are that Cuba will become independent, Spain will give Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam to the United States, and the United States will pay 20 million dollars for the annexation of the Philippines Islands. In this short 16 week war, 5,400 Americans lost their lives defending our country against the brutal Spanish. So in the end the United States was once again victorious and protected the weaker countries from certain demise of the debased Spaniards. GO U. S. A.!!!!!!! How to cite Spanish American War: War over Rough Riders Reign, Essays

The War

Table of Contents Introduction Terrorism Weapons and Mass Destruction The Gap between the South and the North Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Introduction A number of challenges, ranging from economic, political to social, characterize the 21st century. The main problems that confront all states in the global system are the preservation of sovereignty and promotion of national interests. In fact, states are concerned more with the promotion of national security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The War-prone and Chaotic 21st Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research shows that states would do everything within their power to protect their national borders. The emergence of global problems is indeed the main issue that threatens human life. The security of many states is at stake due to terrorism and the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Powerful states are threatened just as the weak states beca use terrorism does not spare any state. Moreover, there is always tension between the developed and the developing countries because of issues surrounding resource distribution.This article looks at some of the factors that have contributed to the prevalence of problems in the 21st century. The article invokes a number of theories and incorporates the views of international relations scholars. Terrorism In the current international system, terrorism is the major threat facing all states. Countries are faced with both internal and external threats, but terrorism remains the major threat. Terrorism is a problem that cannot be resolved unless states delve into its origins. Terrorists use violence to frustrate governments, irrespective of whether the country is developed or poor. In other words, no country or individual is spared by the heinous acts of terrorists. In the modern international system, there are various categories of terrorists, each with its own mode of operation. Some te rrorists threaten to use weapons of mass destruction while others resort to suicide bombing1. Scholars argue that terrorism is a result of depression, melancholy, hopelessness, helplessness, and defeat. Before the Cold War era, terrorism was not a big issue in the international system because extremist organizations were under the control of the US and the Soviet Union. The hostilities between the US and the Soviet Union could not give room to terrorism. In fact, countries that were suspected to support terrorism were constantly frustrated.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should be noted that there is no Leviathan in the international system, which is compared to the centralized government. This gives state and non-state actors an opportunity to act in a manner that is beneficial to them. Moreover, there are weak and powerful states in the international system. Powerf ul states are well off in terms of military technology and development. In this regard, weak states feel threatened, which inspires them to develop some of the sophisticated weapons to counter the influence of powerful states. Weapons and Mass Destruction Availability of weapons of mass destruction is another threat to the world security in the current international system, which has made the 21st century the most disordered century in the human history. It is upon this that the Atomic Agency was created to supervise the production and distribution of weapons of mass destruction. Before the Cold War, only powerful states, such as Russia and the US, had the capability of manufacturing weapons of mass destruction. However, these weapons could not be used to destroy life and property. In fact, the superpowers wanted to prove to each other that they were technologically competent. They could not engage in war because they were mutually assured of destruction. Currently, a number of stat es have the ability to produce weapons of mass destruction. For instance, countries such as India and Pakistan have the ability to produce nuclear energy. This is very dangerous to the world security, especially when such weapons get into the hands of terrorism. The ideas of Mearsheimer support the fact that the international system exists according to the Hobbestian state of nature meaning that life is short-lived, anarchic, brutal, and nasty2. This implies that each state is concerned with its national security. States would do everything to ensure that they achieve their national interests. The Gap between the South and the North The third problem facing the world in the 21st century is the increasing economic gap between poor and rich states. Studies show that the gap between the south and the north is always in the increase. The problems facing countries of the south is how to initiate development projects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The War-prone an d Chaotic 21st Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, scholars blame colonialism for the problems that are currently facing developing countries, particularly in Africa. The effects of neocolonialism are severe in the 21st century meaning that even the few available solutions are inapplicable. For instance, the issue of anger and insecurity cannot be resolved through provision of aid and monetary assistance. Neocolonialists focus so much on establishing a cash economy by emphasizing on cash crops such as coffee and tea. This has always affected the agricultural policies of developing countries. Moreover, the infrastructural development was tempered with during colonialism, which is now haunting poor states in the 21st century3. This explains the reasons why weak states attempt to acquire nuclear energy. In the third assumption, Mearsheimer was of the view that states would always suspect the actions of each other because on e state will never understand the intentions of the other. Due to this, states try as much as possible to match the policies of their counterparts in terms of economic and military development. Since powerful states struggle to maintain their influence globally, they always apply repressive rules, which force weak states to repel. This has even complicated the situation in the 21st century because weak states are forced to adopt policies that do not support their domestic economic policies. Conclusion Mearsheimer seems to agree with the ideas of liberalist scholars such as Aart Scholte and Brent Steele because actors in the international system are rational actors meaning that they understand the external environment. This view is misplaced because states cooperate only to achieve their national interests. Steele suggests that states respect the internationally recognized laws. This view is actually inaccurate because powerful states are not even members of the internationally estab lished organizations such as the International Criminal Court4. Scholte analyzed the role of global civil societies in the 21st century. Similarly, his analysis was misplaced because the activities of the civil groups are not always similar in all societies. Globalization is a political concept that is used to suppress and dictate policies to the poor states in the international system. This means that globalization benefits only the rich states.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bibliography Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton Company, 2001. Scholte, Aart. The Political Economy of Globalization. London: Macmillan, 2000. Sciolino, Elaine. Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran. New York: Simon Schuster, 2000. Steele, Brent. â€Å"Liberal-Idealism: A constructivist Critique.† International Studies Review 9.1 (2007): 23–52. Footnotes 1 Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran (New York: Simon Schuster, 2000), 98. 2John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton Company, 2001), 26. 3Aart Scholte, The Political Economy of Globalization (London: Macmillan, 2000), 181. 4 Brent Steele, â€Å"Liberal-Idealism: A constructivist Critique,† International Studies Review 9.1 (2007): 29. 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